Air pollution is a major public health issue. But recent economic research has also highlighted its effects on economic activity, in addition to its well-documented health impacts. It reduces workers’ physical and cognitive abilities, thereby lowering productivity. It also risks undermining future productivity by impairing academic performance and innovation. This paper gives an overview of this m... Lire la suite
La pollution de l’air constitue un défi majeur de santé publique. Mais au-delà de ses effets sanitaires, une littérature économique récente met en évidence ses impacts sur l’activité économique. Elle réduit les capacités physiques et cognitives des travailleurs, pesant sur leur productivité. Elle affecte également les performances scolaires et l’innovation, compromettant la productivité future. L’... Lire la suite
Switzerland is roughly 60% more expensive than its neighbouring countries. Consumer prices – particularly for services – are more affected by this than investment prices. This high-price island reveals a two-sided economy: very productive exporting sectors with high wages, and a domestic sector forced to bring itself up to the level of the former, raising prices in the long term. This model contin... Lire la suite
La Suisse est environ 60 % plus chère que ses pays voisins. Cette spécificité touche davantage les prix de la consommation, notamment de services, que ceux de l’investissement. L’îlot de cherté révèle une économie duale : des branches exportatrices très productives aux salaires élevés et un secteur domestique contraint de s’y aligner, tirant durablement les prix à la hausse. Ce modèle reste social... Lire la suite
This paper gives a breakdown of the financial assets of French households based on their end use in the economy. Some of these financial assets directly finances businesses, whilst others are invested through financial intermediaries to be used to finance the economy (loans, shares, bonds). For each €10 in financial assets, €4 is allocated to equities in businesses, €3 to bonds and €2 to loans gra... Lire la suite
L'étude présente la répartition du patrimoine financier des ménages français selon son utilisation finale dans l'économie. Une partie du patrimoine finance directement les entreprises, tandis qu'une autre est placée auprès d'intermédiaires financiers qui assurent sa transformation en financements de l'économie (prêts, actions, obligations). Sur 10 € de patrimoine financier, 4 € sont alloués aux fo... Lire la suite
The academic results of students in France are deteriorating over time and compared with other countries, and are strongly affected by social factors and gender. Yet improving educational performance levels would be a source of long-term growth for the French economy. Assessment of education policies identifies the most effective actions and shows, in particular, the significant impact on academic... Lire la suite
Les résultats scolaires des élèves en France se dégradent dans le temps et en comparaison internationale, et s’accompagnent de forts déterminismes sociaux et de genre. Or, l’amélioration des performances éducatives serait une source de croissance de long terme pour l’économie française. L’évaluation des politiques éducatives permet d’identifier les actions les plus efficaces et montre notamment l’... Lire la suite
Apprenticeship has grown sharply in popularity since 2018, driven by the deregulation of the system and increased government funding. Their growth has come alongside more diverse profiles, with apprentices often studying in higher education and more employers operating in the service sector. Apprenticeship facilitates the school-to-work transition, particularly at the occupational certification an... Lire la suite
Carbon credits, instruments that raise private-sector funding for decarbonisation projects, are subject to regulatory initiatives to ensure their quality and limit the risk of greenwashing. Their use to foster climate cooperation among countries is under discussion: it is on the agenda at the COP30 summit, in the context of efforts to create an international carbon credit trading mechanism. Carbon... Lire la suite