Air transport contributes to France’s economic activity but generates substantial negative externalities, especially climate-related ones. It is subject to specific pricing at national, European and international levels. This paper compares the external costs and pricing arrangements in order to assess coverage of these costs by existing instruments. It flags up average under-pricing for use, part... Lire la suite
Following Sri Lanka’s default on its external debt in April 2022, official bilateral creditors developed an original coordination mechanism to restructure the country’s debt. France, India and Japan co-chaired an ad-hoc Official Creditor Committee including the Paris Club, India and Hungary. At the same time, a flexible coordination arrangement with China and regular discussions with private credi... Lire la suite
In France, wage trajectories of minimum wage earners, i.e. employees earning less than 1.1 times the statutory minimum wage, are very diverse. Half of them experienced upward wage mobility between 2013 and 2019. However, a minority remained durably close to the statutory minimum wage , and some categories of individuals were more likely than others to remain at this wage level: women, clerical sta... Lire la suite
The International Monetary Fund’s governance is based on a system of quotas determining the financial contribution each country is required to make to the IMF, its voting rights, and the number of special drawing rights it receives in general allocations. Today, quota distribution is a major challenge, with emerging countries calling for quota realignment that would reflect their increasing relati... Lire la suite
In France, the share of labour-related expenditure in the value added of non-financial corporations has been relatively stable since 1990, as has that of net wages. This stability masks changes that occurred in phases and which were connected, inter alia, with economic shocks and tax reform. The capital share has also been stable with an increase in dividends being offset by a fall in interest pai... Lire la suite
In response to rising mortgage debt for households, regulation of mortgage lending conditions for households was introduced in France by the Higher Council for Financial Stability. An assessment has shown that this measure, which became binding in 1 January 2022, has reduced the average DSTI ratio while increasing the average mortgage maturity. However, the effect on property prices has been limit... Lire la suite
Rising tariffs are projected to hinder global economic growth and trade in 2025 and 2026. Emerging economies are expected to continue driving global growth, while advanced economies gain support from monetary easing policies. Trade policy developments are the primary downside risk to the economic forecast.... Lire la suite
Before the war in Ukraine, companies in the defence technological and industrial base had a weaker financial and economic position than companies in the rest of the economy, including thinner margins and higher debt levels. Since 2021, however, larger European defence budgets have improved the growth outlook and financial health of these companies, while also increasing their investment needs.... Lire la suite
Having initially focused on supporting the birth rate, family policy now has three goals: contributing to offsetting family expenses, helping vulnerable families and ensuring a work-life balance. To this end, it has a large number of schemes that are sometimes difficult to understand. It nevertheless carries out significant redistribution from childless families to other families, especially large... Lire la suite
International industrial policy takeaways since 1945 suggest that the identification of market opportunities, competition between players and technology options, and maintaining high performance standards are important factors for success. In France, industrial policy stands out for the significance of vertical interventions and the focus on a small number of large firms.... Lire la suite