While gender equality is in itself a crucial development goal that addresses moral and societal issues, it is also of significant economic interest. Realizing women's full economic potential would have a major impact on the growth of economies, particularly in South Asia, the region of the world where labour market participation is the most unequal between the sexes.... Lire la suite
Since the early 2000s, services have accounted for a growing share of France's trade, making it one of the world's leading exporters of services. This trade is based on historical strengths, such as tourism, but it is business services that are the main driving force behind it. While trade in goods has been in deficit since 2004, trade in services has been in surplus and is helping to rebalance th... Lire la suite
Since the early 2000s, French companies have favored investments rather than exports to develop internationally. These strategies, which may have affected the added value produced in France, reflect a loss of competitiveness, a positioning in the mid-range market or the predominance of large companies. The fiscal and structural reforms of recent years and the Covid-19 crisis could reverse this tre... Lire la suite
The covid-19 epidemic and associated containment measures would result in a historic decline in global activity by 2020. Emerging economies would catch up by the end of 2021 to their 2019 level of activity, unlike advanced economies, where the rebound would be more limited. The decline in trade would be even more pronounced. Developments in the epidemic, the productive fabric, the labor market, an... Lire la suite
The relationship between the evolution of unemployment and wages was disrupted after the 2008 crisis. Despite a decrease in unemployment following the crisis, wages in 2018 were still less dynamic than in the pre-crisis period in the euro zone and the United States. This weakening of the link between wages and unemployment was mainly the result of the development of new forms of employment and wag... Lire la suite
Inequalities in housing are the first indicator of socio-economic inequalities in the face of confinement, from the most dramatic examples (unhealthy and overcrowded housing, prison environments, homeless populations) to the most ordinary ones. However, experiences of confinement have also been contrasted according to gender or family situation, while school closures and the distance education sys... Lire la suite
The energy transition is a major challenge for ASEAN, whose sustained economic development is accompanied by rising carbon dioxide emissions. At a time when the region is particularly exposed to the effects of climate change, several levers of action could be mobilized to accelerate the energy transition and align the CO2 emissions trajectory with the objectives of the Paris Agreement.... Lire la suite
Without proactive efforts, climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions could alter the framework of human life in unprecedented ways. The economic effects of climate inaction are difficult to predict precisely, but the scientific consensus is that there will be a strong negative impact, with a risk of unanticipated aggravating effects and strong inequalities by region and sector. The cost of... Lire la suite
Since 2010, territorial disparities in the housing market have increased (drop in the rate of occupied housing, price divergence). This dynamic runs counter to the objectives of housing policy and the reduction of CO2 emissions and land artificialisation. In the future, public policies should make it possible to stimulate construction in areas with excess demand, in a dense and low-carbon manner,... Lire la suite
Technical progress tends to destroy low-skilled jobs that can be easily automated and to increase the average wage gap between low-skilled and high-skilled workers. However, both French and British data show that low-skilled workers have a higher wage gain from working in innovative firms than high-skilled workers. These results must be seen in the context of the lower demand for low-skilled labou... Lire la suite