The relationship between the evolution of unemployment and wages was disrupted after the 2008 crisis. Despite a decrease in unemployment following the crisis, wages in 2018 were still less dynamic than in the pre-crisis period in the euro zone and the United States. This weakening of the link between wages and unemployment was mainly the result of the development of new forms of employment and wag... Lire la suite
Inequalities in housing are the first indicator of socio-economic inequalities in the face of confinement, from the most dramatic examples (unhealthy and overcrowded housing, prison environments, homeless populations) to the most ordinary ones. However, experiences of confinement have also been contrasted according to gender or family situation, while school closures and the distance education sys... Lire la suite
The energy transition is a major challenge for ASEAN, whose sustained economic development is accompanied by rising carbon dioxide emissions. At a time when the region is particularly exposed to the effects of climate change, several levers of action could be mobilized to accelerate the energy transition and align the CO2 emissions trajectory with the objectives of the Paris Agreement.... Lire la suite
Without proactive efforts, climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions could alter the framework of human life in unprecedented ways. The economic effects of climate inaction are difficult to predict precisely, but the scientific consensus is that there will be a strong negative impact, with a risk of unanticipated aggravating effects and strong inequalities by region and sector. The cost of... Lire la suite
Since 2010, territorial disparities in the housing market have increased (drop in the rate of occupied housing, price divergence). This dynamic runs counter to the objectives of housing policy and the reduction of CO2 emissions and land artificialisation. In the future, public policies should make it possible to stimulate construction in areas with excess demand, in a dense and low-carbon manner,... Lire la suite
Technical progress tends to destroy low-skilled jobs that can be easily automated and to increase the average wage gap between low-skilled and high-skilled workers. However, both French and British data show that low-skilled workers have a higher wage gain from working in innovative firms than high-skilled workers. These results must be seen in the context of the lower demand for low-skilled labou... Lire la suite
The Chinese growth model, largely financed by the indebtedness of companies and local authorities, has led to strong internal imbalances (excessive debt, unstable real estate sector, fragile banking system). Although, despite the reforms implemented since 2016, the rebalancing of the economy towards domestic consumption and services is struggling to materialize, China has nevertheless seen its tra... Lire la suite
Price dynamics in sectors sheltered from international competition, particularly in services, directly affects the competitiveness of manufacturing firms through the cost of the inputs used in their production. Faced with dynamic input costs, manufacturers tend to squeeze their margins in order to maintain their competitiveness vis-à-vis foreign competitors. This was the case in France and Italy i... Lire la suite
Since the late 2000s, the development of unconventional drilling techniques has greatly increased oil and gas production in the United States. The total net effect of higher oil prices on U.S. activity would remain negative despite the shale revolution. The decline in household purchasing power due to higher fuel prices would only be partly offset by the strong increase in investment in the oil an... Lire la suite
In France, the concentration of certain local air pollutants (in particular, fine particles, nitrogen dioxide and ozone) remains above regulatory thresholds. All sectors contribute to this, in particular heating and transport. Reducing this pollution requires a combination of economic incentives, regulatory measures and the development of alternatives, supporting low-income households and business... Lire la suite