En France, le niveau élevé de la dépense publique (57,3 % du PIB en 2014) s'explique en grande partie par l'importance des régimes publics de protection sociale.... Lire la suite
In France, much of the high level of government expenditure (57.3% of GDP in 2014) can be explained by the size of government social protection systems. The benefits paid by these schemes account for half of government expenditure (€630bn in 2014, or 29.4% of GDP). Most of this expenditure takes the form of retirement pensions and healthcare insurance payments. Most of these schemes are contributo... Lire la suite
Lorsqu'un laboratoire souhaite commercialiser une nouvelle molécule, il dépose un brevet, et la commercialisation du médicament, dit « princeps », reste protégée généralement de 10 à 15 ans.... Lire la suite
When a pharmaceutical company wants to market a new molecule, it applies for a patent. The patented drug, known as the "originator" drug, is generally protected for between 10 and 15 years. After the patent expires, the pharmaceutical company no longer has the monopoly on manufacturing the drug, and can face competition from generic pharmaceutical firms. In France, whether they are made by generic... Lire la suite
Entre 2013 et 2016, l'inflation, au sens de l'indice des prix à la consommation, a été de près d'1 point plus faible que prévu dans les projets de loi de finances (PLF).... Lire la suite
Between 2013 and 2016, inflation, within the meaning of the consumer price index (CPI), was almost one percentage point lower than budget bill (PLF) projections. This can either be put down to an increased difficulty in forecasting inflation in an extraordinary economic environment (very low inflation, European Central Bank key interest rates constrained by the zero lower bound, rollout of new ins... Lire la suite
Le secteur électrique a été profondément modifié au coursdes vingt dernières années.... Lire la suite
Over the last two decades, the electricity sector has changed significantly. Its deregulation, aimed at boosting efficiency and competitiveness, has led to a reshaping of the incumbent monopolies and the opening up of certain activities, such as electricity supply, to competition. Electricity markets and interconnections between countries have been gradually introduced to exchange electricity.In a... Lire la suite
Mise en place sous l'impulsion du Conseil européen, qui en a décidé le principe en 2012 en réponse à la crise financière et des dettes souveraines, parallèlement au renforcement des règles prudentielles applicables aux banques, l'Union bancaire marque un changement en profondeur de la supervision et de l'architecture du système bancaire européen, au service du financement de l'économie de la zone... Lire la suite
Creation of Banking Union was spearheaded by the European Council, which opted for this approach on principle in 2012, in response to the financial and sovereign debt crisis, while also bolstering prudential requirements for banks at the same time. Its establishment reflects an in-depth change to the supervision and structure of the European banking system, aiming at better financing the euro area... Lire la suite