Value added tax (VAT) is the largest source of tax revenue in France, standing at €202.7bn under budgetary accounting and representing 17% of the total tax burden in 2022. To examine the composition of VAT revenues, the French Treasury used a costing model that reconstitutes consumption bases subject to VAT. We then used these results to estimate the net revenue gain from a 1-percentage-point incr... Lire la suite
Air transport contributes to France’s economic activity but generates substantial negative externalities, especially climate-related ones. It is subject to specific pricing at national, European and international levels. This paper compares the external costs and pricing arrangements in order to assess coverage of these costs by existing instruments. It flags up average under-pricing for use, part... Lire la suite
Formal childcare for young children before they start nursery school (école maternelle) has a dual objective: to support parents’ professional activity and to foster children’s cognitive development. Whilst the current shortfall in the childcare offering in France hampers the reduction of social and gender inequality, a number of measures are increasing recourse to childcare in day nurseries (crèc... Lire la suite