Car use generates costs for society in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, traffic jams and air pollution. In order to ensure economic efficiency, the cost of driving for car users should reflect these external costs alongside private costs (car purchase, repairs and fuel). This is currently not the case in France where, most of the time, car users do not pay for the social cost of their rides. Thi... Lire la suite
La connaissance de la position de l'économie dans le cycle est importante pour la conduite de la politique économique.... Lire la suite
Knowing the position of the economy in the business cycle is important for implementing economic policy. It makes it possible, for example, to draw up a medium-term growth scenario: an overheating economy is likely to slow down whereas a demand deficient economy could beat its potential growth rate. Similarly, it makes it possible to identify the structural component of the general government bala... Lire la suite
En France, la consommation de chaleur représente près de la moitié de la consommation finale d'énergie.... Lire la suite
In France, energy consumption for heating accounts for nearly half of final energy consumption. Energy for heating still largely comes from fossil fuel sources (with more than 60% of energy for heating coming from natural gas, fuel oil and coal), making this sector a crucial battleground for decarbonising the economy.Fuelwood, mainly used to produce heat, is currently the leading renewable energy... Lire la suite
Créée en 2001 et couvrant aujourd'hui 144 pays représentant 99,6 % de l'économie mondiale, la base de données Profils institutionnels (« Institutional Profiles Database », IPD)), développée par la direction générale du Trésor, vise à éclairer le rôle des institutions (politiques, économiques, sociales…) dans les politiques de développement.... Lire la suite
The Institutional Profiles Database (IPD) was created in 2001 and now covers 144 countries that account for 99.6% of the world economy. Developed by the Directorate General of the Treasury, the IPD's goal is to shed light on the role played by institutions (political, economic, social, etc.) in development policies. It attempts to provide a quantitative measure of countries' institutional characte... Lire la suite
Après la crise économique de 1997, handicapées par un niveau d'endettement élevé, les entreprises japonaises ont cherché pour se désendetter à réduire leurs coûts salariaux aussi bien par des ajustements de l'emploi que par une modération salariale.... Lire la suite
After the 1997 economic crisis, Japanese companies were burdened by high levels of debt. They attempted to deleverage by lowering their wage bill, through both job cuts and wage restraint. Japan's unemployment rate, which had been below 3.5% until 1997, then rose significantly to peak at 5.5% in June 2002. Average per capita wages declined by 0.7% p.a. between 1998 and 2013, keeping Japan in defla... Lire la suite
Parmi les grands pays de l'OCDE, la France occupe la 5ème place mondiale pour la dépense de recherche publique en 2015. Rapportée au PIB et en intégrant la R&D en défense, la dépense de R&D représente 0,86 %, ce qui place la France au-dessus de la moyenne de l’OCDE, mais en-dessous des pays leaders (les pays nordiques, la Corée et l'Allemagne) et de « l'objectif de Lisbonne » de 1 % du PIB.... Lire la suite