At a time of heightened geopolitical tensions, economic exchanges between nations are increasingly governed by a bloc-based approach. We are witnessing a reorganisation of trade between groups of geopolitically aligned countries, i.e. a geopolitical fragmentation of trade. This fragmentation began with the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and accelerated with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.... Lire la suite
The energy transition is expected to involve use of mineral-intensive technologies, with high demand for certain so-called “critical” or “strategic” minerals such as lithium, copper and rare-earth elements. In the short term, the global supply of these minerals should be sufficient to meet shifts in demand, even though the value chain is heavily concentrated, particularly in China. The possibility... Lire la suite
This working paper presents a methodology for assessing the vulnerability of French supplies, which is then applied to metal products that are critical inputs for industry. In particular, the study uses the characteristics of companies importing vulnerable products to measure the exposure of different sectors and the resilience of the productive system to a shortage of these products, based on the... Lire la suite