<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><feed xml:lang="fr-fr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><title type="text">Trésor-Info - Publications de la direction générale du Trésor - Pays-exportateurs</title><subtitle type="text">Flux de publication de la direction générale du Trésor - Pays-exportateurs</subtitle><id>FluxArticlesTag-Pays-exportateurs</id><rights type="text">Copyright 2026</rights><updated>2017-03-28T00:00:00+02:00</updated><logo>/favicon.png</logo><author><name>Direction générale du Trésor</name><uri>https://localhost/sitepublic/</uri><email>contact@dgtresor.gouv.fr</email></author><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Flux/Atom/Articles/Tags/Pays-exportateurs" /><entry><id>8cb5094d-a5ca-409d-bdd4-78f6c2e0ff9b</id><title type="text">Trésor-Economics No. 195 - Impact of foreign exchange policies for commodity-exporting countries</title><summary type="text">Commodity prices plummeted between 2014 and 2016. Oil prices fell by half, mineral prices were down by approximately one-third and agricultural raw materials prices tumbled by 20%. Despite the recent upturn in prices, low prices have done considerable damage to exporting countries' current account balances, especially countries without diversified economies.Commodity-exporting countries adjusted in different ways, depending on the severity of the shock, their leeway for changing economic policies and their foreign exchange regime (fixed or floating exchange rates). Some countries ended up loosening their foreign exchange regime, as in the case of Russia and Egypt.Economic theory, along with the experience of recent years, suggests that the most appropriate foreign exchange regime depends on the individual characteristics of each economy. For countries with fairly diversified economies, a floating exchange rate is generally an advantage, since a dip in the exchange rate improves the c</summary><updated>2017-03-28T00:00:00+02:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2017/03/28/tresor-economics-no-195-impact-of-foreign-exchange-policies-for-commodity-exporting-countries" /><content type="html">&lt;p&gt;Commodity prices plummeted between 2014 and 2016. Oil prices fell by half, mineral prices were down by approximately one-third and agricultural raw materials prices tumbled by 20%. Despite the recent upturn in prices, low prices have done considerable damage to exporting countries' current account balances, especially countries without diversified economies.&lt;br /&gt;Commodity-exporting countries adjusted in different ways, depending on the severity of the shock, their leeway for changing economic policies and their foreign exchange regime (fixed or floating exchange rates). Some countries ended up loosening their foreign exchange regime, as in the case of Russia and Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;Economic theory, along with the experience of recent years, suggests that the most appropriate foreign exchange regime depends on the individual characteristics of each economy. For countries with fairly diversified economies, a floating exchange rate is generally an advantage, since a dip in the exchange rate improves the competitiveness of their non-commodity exports and provides a boost for their medium-term current account balances and growth.&lt;br /&gt;In contrast, for commodity-exporting countries that do not have diversified economies or countries that have only a single export (mainly countries in the Middle East or Africa), a dip in the exchange rate does not usually boost export volumes, since their commodity exports are priced in foreign currencies on international markets. In this case, a lower exchange rate contributes to improving the current account balance merely by raising the price of imports. This reduces import volumes, leading to inflation and lower growth.&lt;br /&gt;This means that a fixed exchange rate could be better for an exporting country without a diversified economy or a country with a single export, as long as the central bank has enough credibility to maintain the currency peg. However, if low commodity prices persist, an adjustment eventually becomes inevitable. In the medium term, this is often achieved through fiscal consolidation, which is an important means of improving the current account balance. In the longer term, economic diversification mitigates the country's vulnerability to shocks. This often requires efforts to avoid setting an excessively high exchange rate.&lt;br /&gt;Some countries lack the necessary foreign exchange reserves to maintain their currency peg when commodity prices are low. In such cases, central bank intervention on foreign exchange markets to defend an unsustainable peg may be counterproductive. Even though switching to a floating exchange rate may trigger abrupt adjustment, this step should be taken before foreign exchange reserves are depleted. In this manner, the remaining reserves can be used to manage volatility and preserve financial stability, particularly when economic agents' debts are denominated in foreign currencies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img title="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-Economics No. 195" src="/Articles/8cb5094d-a5ca-409d-bdd4-78f6c2e0ff9b/images/4cc920e9-dcb4-4095-a06a-9218ac5effef" alt="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-Economics No. 195" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/8cb5094d-a5ca-409d-bdd4-78f6c2e0ff9b/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry><entry><id>569b005f-8d06-4711-9c46-470cc74b692f</id><title type="text">Trésor-Éco n° 195 - Quel impact de la politique de change pour les pays exportateurs de matières premières ?</title><summary type="text">Entre 2014 et 2016, les prix des matières premières ont fortement diminué : de moitié pour les hydrocarbures, d'environ un tiers pour les minerais et de 20 % pour les produits agricoles. </summary><updated>2017-03-27T00:00:00+02:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2017/03/27/quel-impact-de-la-politique-de-change-pour-les-pays-exportateurs-de-matieres-premieres" /><content type="html">&lt;p&gt;Entre 2014 et 2016, les prix des mati&amp;egrave;res premi&amp;egrave;res ont fortement diminu&amp;eacute; : de moiti&amp;eacute; pour les hydrocarbures, d'environ un tiers pour les minerais et de 20 % pour les produits agricoles. Malgr&amp;eacute; la remont&amp;eacute;e r&amp;eacute;cente des prix, cela a consid&amp;eacute;rablement d&amp;eacute;grad&amp;eacute; la balance courante des pays exportateurs, en particulier ceux ayant une &amp;eacute;conomie peu diversifi&amp;eacute;e.&lt;br /&gt;Les pays exportateurs se sont ajust&amp;eacute;s diff&amp;eacute;remment en fonction de l'ampleur du choc qu'ils ont subi, des marges de man&amp;oelig;uvre de politique &amp;eacute;conomique dont ils disposaient et de leur r&amp;eacute;gime de change (fixe ou flottant). Certains pays ont notamment &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; amen&amp;eacute;s &amp;agrave; assouplir leur r&amp;eacute;gime de change, comme par exemple la Russie ou l'Egypte.&lt;br /&gt;La th&amp;eacute;orie &amp;eacute;conomique et l'exp&amp;eacute;rience de ces derni&amp;egrave;res ann&amp;eacute;es sugg&amp;egrave;rent que le r&amp;eacute;gime de change le plus appropri&amp;eacute; d&amp;eacute;pend des caract&amp;eacute;ristiques de chaque &amp;eacute;conomie. Pour des pays ayant une &amp;eacute;conomie relativement diversifi&amp;eacute;e, un r&amp;eacute;gime de change flottant constitue g&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;ralement un atout car une d&amp;eacute;pr&amp;eacute;ciation du taux de change am&amp;eacute;liore la comp&amp;eacute;titivit&amp;eacute; des secteurs exportateurs hors mati&amp;egrave;res premi&amp;egrave;res, ce qui soutient l'activit&amp;eacute; et le solde courant &amp;agrave; moyen terme.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;Agrave; l'inverse, pour des pays exportateurs de mati&amp;egrave;res premi&amp;egrave;res &amp;agrave; l'&amp;eacute;conomie tr&amp;egrave;s peu diversifi&amp;eacute;e et des pays mono-exportateurs (qui sont principalement des pays du Moyen Orient et des pays africains), une d&amp;eacute;pr&amp;eacute;ciation du taux de change ne permet g&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;ralement pas de stimuler les volumes d'exportation, car les mati&amp;egrave;res premi&amp;egrave;res qu'ils exportent sont cot&amp;eacute;es en devises sur des march&amp;eacute;s internationaux. Dans ce cas, la d&amp;eacute;pr&amp;eacute;ciation du taux de change ne contribue &amp;agrave; l'am&amp;eacute;lioration des comptes externes que par le biais de la r&amp;eacute;duction des volumes d'importations provoqu&amp;eacute;e par leur rench&amp;eacute;rissement, qui a un effet inflationniste et r&amp;eacute;cessif.&lt;br /&gt;Ainsi, un r&amp;eacute;gime de change fixe peut &amp;ecirc;tre pr&amp;eacute;f&amp;eacute;rable pour un pays exportateur tr&amp;egrave;s peu diversifi&amp;eacute; ou mono-exportateur, &amp;agrave; condition que la banque centrale dispose de la cr&amp;eacute;dibilit&amp;eacute; suffisante pour maintenir l'ancrage. En cas de faiblesse durable des prix des mati&amp;egrave;res premi&amp;egrave;res, un ajustement reste in&amp;eacute;vitable. Il passe souvent &amp;agrave; moyen terme par la consolidation des finances publiques, qui constitue un levier important pour redresser le solde courant. &amp;Agrave; plus long terme, la diversification de l'&amp;eacute;conomie permet de r&amp;eacute;duire sa vuln&amp;eacute;rabilit&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; des chocs ; elle n&amp;eacute;cessite souvent d'&amp;eacute;viter la sur&amp;eacute;valuation du taux de change.&lt;br /&gt;Certains pays ont des r&amp;eacute;serves de change insuffisantes pour maintenir l'ancrage de leur devise dans un contexte de faiblesse des prix des mati&amp;egrave;res premi&amp;egrave;res. Dans de tels cas, des interventions de la banque centrale sur le march&amp;eacute; des changes pour d&amp;eacute;fendre un ancrage devenu intenable peuvent &amp;ecirc;tre contreproductives. Bien que la flexibilisation du r&amp;eacute;gime de change provoque un ajustement brutal, elle doit de pr&amp;eacute;f&amp;eacute;rence intervenir avant l'&amp;eacute;puisement des r&amp;eacute;serves. Les r&amp;eacute;serves restantes peuvent ainsi &amp;ecirc;tre mobilis&amp;eacute;es pour g&amp;eacute;rer la volatilit&amp;eacute; et pr&amp;eacute;server la stabilit&amp;eacute; financi&amp;egrave;re, notamment lorsque les agents &amp;eacute;conomiques sont endett&amp;eacute;s en devises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img title="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-&amp;Eacute;co n&amp;deg; 195" src="/Articles/569b005f-8d06-4711-9c46-470cc74b692f/images/943fc9d4-acbf-467c-ade2-3f9ffe5d991b" alt="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-&amp;Eacute;co n&amp;deg; 195" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/569b005f-8d06-4711-9c46-470cc74b692f/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry></feed>