<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><feed xml:lang="fr-fr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><title type="text">Trésor-Info - Publications de la direction générale du Trésor - Amerique-du-Nord</title><subtitle type="text">Flux de publication de la direction générale du Trésor - Amerique-du-Nord</subtitle><id>FluxArticlesTag-Amerique-du-Nord</id><rights type="text">Copyright 2026</rights><updated>2013-10-09T00:00:00+02:00</updated><logo>/favicon.png</logo><author><name>Direction générale du Trésor</name><uri>https://localhost/sitepublic/</uri><email>contact@dgtresor.gouv.fr</email></author><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Flux/Atom/Articles/Tags/Amerique-du-Nord" /><entry><id>16095c8c-c350-4aaf-ba75-c221fdc81127</id><title type="text">Document de Travail n° 2013/04 - Financial incitatives and labor market duality</title><summary type="text">This working paper is the sole responsibility of the author. It is circulated in order to stimulate debate and to encourage comments and criticism.The French labor market is divided between workers in permanent jobs and those who alternate fixed-term contracts with unemployment spells. Among other public policies aiming at reducing this duality, financial incentives could induce employers to lengthen contract duration or favor permanent contracts.</summary><updated>2013-10-09T00:00:00+02:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2013/10/09/document-de-travail-n-2013-04-financial-incitatives-and-labor-market-duality" /><content type="html">&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This working paper is the sole responsibility of the author. It is circulated in order to stimulate debate and to encourage comments and criticism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The French labor market is divided between workers in permanent jobs and those who alternate fixed-term contracts with unemployment spells. Among other public policies aiming at reducing this duality, financial incentives could induce employers to lengthen contract duration or favor permanent contracts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This article develops a matching model fitted to the French labor-market characteristics and calibrated on French data. A gradual decrease in unemployment contributions or a firing tax reduces the duality but increases market rigidity and lowers labor productivity. However, decreasing unemployment contributions gradually is less favorable for new entrants than a firing tax and lengthens unemployment spells. An additional contribution levied on short-term contracts to finance a bonus for permanent-contract hirings also decreases labor-market duality and increases activity but without negative impacts on labormarket flexibility and productivity.&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/16095c8c-c350-4aaf-ba75-c221fdc81127/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry><entry><id>da4ad30b-9986-47c2-981d-2f1a2dc35c6b</id><title type="text">Document de Travail n° 2013/04 - Réduire la segmentation du marché du travail par des incitations financières ?</title><summary type="text">La série des Documents de Travail présente des travaux menés au sein de la DG Trésor, diffusés dans le but d’éclairer et stimuler le débat public. Ces travaux n’engagent que leurs auteurs.Le marché du travail français est segmenté entre les personnes bénéficiant d'un emploi stable et celles alternant contrats temporaires et périodes de chômage. Parmi les solutions envisagées pour réduire cette dualité figurent des incitations financières pour encourager les entreprises à allonger la durée des contrats ou favoriser le recours aux emplois stables. Ce document de travail développe un modèle d'appariement adapté aux caractéristiques du marché du travail français et calibré sur données françaises.Trois conclusions principales se dégagent des résultats de ces travaux : des cotisations dégressives avec l'ancienneté dans le contrat ou une taxe sur les licenciements et sur les fins de contrats temporaires réduisent la segmentation mais au prix d'une plus forte rigidité du marché du travai</summary><updated>2013-10-09T00:00:00+02:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2013/10/09/document-de-travail-n-2013-04-reduire-la-segmentation-du-marche-du-travail-par-des-incitations-financieres" /><content type="html">&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La s&amp;eacute;rie des Documents de Travail pr&amp;eacute;sente des travaux men&amp;eacute;s au sein de la DG Tr&amp;eacute;sor, diffus&amp;eacute;s dans le but d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;clairer et stimuler le d&amp;eacute;bat public. Ces travaux n&amp;rsquo;engagent que leurs auteurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le march&amp;eacute; du travail fran&amp;ccedil;ais est segment&amp;eacute; entre les personnes b&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;ficiant d'un emploi stable et celles alternant contrats temporaires et p&amp;eacute;riodes de ch&amp;ocirc;mage. Parmi les solutions envisag&amp;eacute;es pour r&amp;eacute;duire cette dualit&amp;eacute; figurent des incitations financi&amp;egrave;res pour encourager les entreprises &amp;agrave; allonger la dur&amp;eacute;e des contrats ou favoriser le recours aux emplois stables. Ce document de travail d&amp;eacute;veloppe un mod&amp;egrave;le d'appariement adapt&amp;eacute; aux caract&amp;eacute;ristiques du march&amp;eacute; du travail fran&amp;ccedil;ais et calibr&amp;eacute; sur donn&amp;eacute;es fran&amp;ccedil;aises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Trois conclusions principales se d&amp;eacute;gagent des r&amp;eacute;sultats de ces travaux&amp;nbsp;: des cotisations d&amp;eacute;gressives avec l'anciennet&amp;eacute; dans le contrat ou une taxe sur les licenciements et sur les fins de contrats temporaires r&amp;eacute;duisent la segmentation mais au prix d'une plus forte rigidit&amp;eacute; du march&amp;eacute; du travail et d'une plus faible productivit&amp;eacute;&amp;nbsp;; par rapport &amp;agrave; la taxe, des cotisations d&amp;eacute;gressives sont moins favorables aux nouveaux entrants et augmentent plus la dur&amp;eacute;e moyenne de ch&amp;ocirc;mage&amp;nbsp;; une surcotisation sur les emplois temporaires, finan&amp;ccedil;ant une prime aux embauches en emploi stable, diminue &amp;eacute;galement la segmentation du march&amp;eacute; du travail mais elle n'a pas les m&amp;ecirc;mes effets n&amp;eacute;gatifs sur la flexibilit&amp;eacute; du march&amp;eacute; du travail et la productivit&amp;eacute;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De ce point de vue les r&amp;eacute;formes r&amp;eacute;centes en Italie et en France apparaissent pertinentes au regard des r&amp;eacute;sultats de la mod&amp;eacute;lisation retenue. Le document de travail propose notamment une estimation des effets de la modulation des cotisations d&amp;rsquo;assurance ch&amp;ocirc;mage introduite par l'accord national interprofessionnel du 11 janvier 2013.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/da4ad30b-9986-47c2-981d-2f1a2dc35c6b/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry><entry><id>b0d23872-e509-4523-aedf-a5bf56e8392b</id><title type="text">Trésor-Éco n° 78 - Reprise américaine : quel contenu en emplois ?</title><summary type="text">Alors que le National Bureau of Economic Research a daté la fin de la « Grande récession » américaine au mois de juin 2009, la nature de la reprise en cours aux États-Unis fait toujours question. En particulier, la situation du marché du travail reste très dégradée ; son amélioration dépendra de la vigueur de l'activité, mais aussi du contenu en emplois de la reprise. En effet, si les reprises américaines ont traditionnellement été suivies - depuis l'après-guerre et jusqu'aux années 1980 - d'un fort rebond du marché du travail, les périodes suivant les récessions de 1990 et 2001 ont au contraire été particulièrement pauvres en emplois, soulevant l'hypothèse d'un changement durable dans la réaction du marché du travail à l'activité.La récession de 2007-2009 se distingue des deux récessions précédentes par l'ampleur des destructions d'emplois observées, qui plaident en principe pour un fort rebond du marché du travail en phase de reprise. Une analyse économétrique semble cependant co</summary><updated>2010-10-01T00:00:00+02:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2010/10/01/tresor-eco-n-78-reprise-americaine-quel-contenu-en-emplois" /><content type="html">&lt;p&gt;Alors que le National Bureau of Economic Research a dat&amp;eacute; la fin de la &amp;laquo; Grande r&amp;eacute;cession &amp;raquo; am&amp;eacute;ricaine au mois de juin 2009, la nature de la reprise en cours aux &amp;Eacute;tats-Unis fait toujours question. En particulier, la situation du march&amp;eacute; du travail reste tr&amp;egrave;s d&amp;eacute;grad&amp;eacute;e ; son am&amp;eacute;lioration d&amp;eacute;pendra de la vigueur de l'activit&amp;eacute;, mais aussi du contenu en emplois de la reprise. En effet, si les reprises am&amp;eacute;ricaines ont traditionnellement &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; suivies - depuis l'apr&amp;egrave;s-guerre et jusqu'aux ann&amp;eacute;es 1980 - d'un fort rebond du march&amp;eacute; du travail, les p&amp;eacute;riodes suivant les r&amp;eacute;cessions de 1990 et 2001 ont au contraire &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; particuli&amp;egrave;rement pauvres en emplois, soulevant l'hypoth&amp;egrave;se d'un changement durable dans la r&amp;eacute;action du march&amp;eacute; du travail &amp;agrave; l'activit&amp;eacute;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La r&amp;eacute;cession de 2007-2009 se distingue des deux r&amp;eacute;cessions pr&amp;eacute;c&amp;eacute;dentes par l'ampleur des destructions d'emplois observ&amp;eacute;es, qui plaident en principe pour un fort rebond du march&amp;eacute; du travail en phase de reprise. Une analyse &amp;eacute;conom&amp;eacute;trique semble cependant confirmer l'hypoth&amp;egrave;se d'un changement structurel dans la r&amp;eacute;activit&amp;eacute; de l'emploi &amp;agrave; l'activit&amp;eacute;, la p&amp;eacute;riode actuelle &amp;eacute;tant davantage en ligne avec celles correspondant aux reprises &amp;laquo; sans emploi &amp;raquo; qu'avec celles correspondant aux reprises &amp;laquo; classiques &amp;raquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La faiblesse des embauches (alors que les destructions brutes d'emplois ont cess&amp;eacute;) - trait caract&amp;eacute;ristique des reprises de 1990 et 2001 - semble confirmer ce diagnostic. La forte baisse des heures travaill&amp;eacute;es et la hausse du travail &amp;agrave; temps partiel contraint pendant la crise sont de premiers &amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;ments d'explication, m&amp;ecirc;me s'ils ne sont pas sp&amp;eacute;cifiques &amp;agrave; la crise de 2007-2009 : les entreprises sont en mesure de faire travailler davantage les employ&amp;eacute;s dont elles disposent avant d'embaucher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plus fondamentalement, la faiblesse des cr&amp;eacute;ations d'emplois - constat&amp;eacute;es et &amp;agrave; venir - en p&amp;eacute;riode de reprise serait li&amp;eacute;e &amp;agrave; des changements structurels de l'&amp;eacute;conomie am&amp;eacute;ricaine, amoindrissant la r&amp;eacute;activit&amp;eacute; de l'emploi aux hausses du PIB. Une d&amp;eacute;composition de l'&amp;eacute;volution de l'emploi par secteurs d'activit&amp;eacute;s montre que chaque r&amp;eacute;cession depuis 1945 a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; l'occasion pour les &amp;Eacute;tats-Unis d'acc&amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;rer la baisse de la part de l'emploi manufacturier dans l'emploi total, en raison notamment de la forte productivit&amp;eacute; de ce secteur et de l'externalisation de certaines activit&amp;eacute;s. Cette d&amp;eacute;sindustrialisation progressive a laiss&amp;eacute; le secteur des services - moins r&amp;eacute;actif aux &amp;eacute;volutions du PIB - comme principale source de cr&amp;eacute;ations d'emplois en p&amp;eacute;riode de reprise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Des facteurs sp&amp;eacute;cifiques &amp;agrave; la crise r&amp;eacute;cente sont probablement aussi &amp;agrave; l'&amp;oelig;uvre, tels que l'incertitude particuli&amp;egrave;rement forte sur les perspectives &amp;eacute;conomiques et l'ampleur de la crise immobili&amp;egrave;re, qui - outre les destructions d'emplois qu'elle engendre - tend &amp;agrave; r&amp;eacute;duire la mobilit&amp;eacute; des travailleurs et aggrave ainsi le probl&amp;egrave;me d'appariement entre les niveaux de qualification des travailleurs et des postes vacants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img class="marge" title="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-&amp;Eacute;co n&amp;deg; 78 " src="/Articles/b0d23872-e509-4523-aedf-a5bf56e8392b/images/fcf5d905-869e-4d5b-b230-988ab31199fe" alt="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-&amp;Eacute;co n&amp;deg; 78 " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/b0d23872-e509-4523-aedf-a5bf56e8392b/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry><entry><id>1b8a69ee-3e3e-479f-aadf-fb0884fb66c3</id><title type="text">Trésor-Economics No. 78 - The employment content of growth in the current U.S. recovery</title><summary type="text">The National Bureau of Economic Research has dated the end of America's "Great Recession" to June 2009, but the very nature of the current U.S. recovery remains uncertain. Growth is fragile; the situation on the labor market remains poor; and any improvement will depend on the strength of economic activity and the job content of the recovery. Historically, throughout the post-war period until the 1980s, a pickup in economic activity was followed by a strong rebound in the labor market; but the periods following the 1990 and 2001 recessions were especially weak in terms of job growth, raising the hypothesis of a long-term shift in the labor market's response to changes in economic activity.The 2008-2009 recession differs from the previous two recessions by the extent of job losses; this argues for a strong rebound in the labor market during the subsequent recovery. An econometric analysis, however, seems to confirm the hypothesis of a structural shift in the response of employment t</summary><updated>2010-10-01T00:00:00+02:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2010/10/01/tresor-economics-no-78-the-employment-content-of-growth-in-the-current-u-s-recovery" /><content type="html">&lt;p&gt;The National Bureau of Economic Research has dated the end of America's "Great Recession" to June 2009, but the very nature of the current U.S. recovery remains uncertain. Growth is fragile; the situation on the labor market remains poor; and any improvement will depend on the strength of economic activity and the job content of the recovery. Historically, throughout the post-war period until the 1980s, a pickup in economic activity was followed by a strong rebound in the labor market; but the periods following the 1990 and 2001 recessions were especially weak in terms of job growth, raising the hypothesis of a long-term shift in the labor market's response to changes in economic activity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The 2008-2009 recession differs from the previous two recessions by the extent of job losses; this argues for a strong rebound in the labor market during the subsequent recovery. An econometric analysis, however, seems to confirm the hypothesis of a structural shift in the response of employment to changes in GDP, as the current period look like previous "jobless" recoveries more than "classical" recoveries.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The low level of hiring, even after job destructions ended-a characteristic of the post-1990 and 2001 recession recoveries-appears to confirm this diagnosis. The first explanation is the sharp decline in hours worked and the rise in involuntary part-time work during the recession, even if those factors are not specific to the current episode; companies can have their existing employees work more before hiring additional workers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;More fundamentally, weak job creations-to date and in the future-during a recovery appear to be linked to structural changes in the U.S. economy, which reduce the response of employment to GDP growth. A breakdown of employment trends by sector shows that every U.S. recession since 1945 has registered an acceleration in the decline in the share of manufacturing employment in total employment, notably due to high productivity in the manufacturing sector and the outsourcing of certain activities. This gradual deindustrialization has left the services sector-which has a slower response to changes in GDP-as the main source of job creation during recoveries.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Other factors specific to the current recession/recovery are probably also at work, e.g., especially strong uncertainty regarding the economic outlook and the magnitude of the housing crisis which, in addition to the job destructions it entails, also tends to reduce workers' mobility and thus aggravates the problem of matching worker skills to job vacancies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img class="marge" title="The National Bureau of Economic Research has dated the end of America's &amp;quot;Great Recession&amp;quot; to June 2009, but the very nature of the current U.S. recovery remains uncertain. Growth is fragile; the situation on the labor market remains poor; and any improvement will depend on the strength of economic activity and the job content of the recovery. Historically, throughout the post-war period until the 1980s, a pickup in economic activity was followed by a strong rebound in the labor market; but the periods following the 1990 and 2001 recessions were especially weak in terms of job growth, raising the hypothesis of a long-term shift in the labor market's response to changes in economic activity.  The 2008-2009 recession differs from the previous two recessions by the extent of job losses; this argues for a strong rebound in the labor market during the subsequent recovery. An econometric analysis, however, seems to confirm the hypothesis of a structural shift in the response of employment to changes in GDP, as the current period look like previous &amp;quot;jobless&amp;quot; recoveries more than &amp;quot;classical&amp;quot; recoveries. The low level of hiring, even after job destructions ended-a characteristic of the post-1990 and 2001 recession recoveries-appears to confirm this diagnosis. The first explanation is the sharp decline in hours worked and the rise in involuntary part-time work during the recession, even if those factors are not specific to the current episode; companies can have their existing employees work more before hiring additional workers.  More fundamentally, weak job creations-to date and in the future-during a recovery appear to be linked to structural changes in the U.S. economy, which reduce the response of employment to GDP growth. A breakdown of employment trends by sector shows that every U.S. recession since 1945 has registered an acceleration in the decline in the share of manufacturing employment in total employment, notably due to high productivity in the manufacturing sector and the outsourcing of certain activities. This gradual deindustrialization has left the services sector-which has a slower response to changes in GDP-as the main source of job creation during recoveries.  Other factors specific to the current recession/recovery are probably also at work, e.g., especially strong uncertainty regarding the economic outlook and the magnitude of the housing crisis which, in addition to the job destructions it entails, also tends to reduce workers' mobility and thus aggravates the problem of matching worker skills to job vacancies." src="/Articles/1b8a69ee-3e3e-479f-aadf-fb0884fb66c3/images/6f05f2c2-9704-438f-9409-887a87c509a2" alt="The National Bureau of Economic Research has dated the end of America's &amp;quot;Great Recession&amp;quot; to June 2009, but the very nature of the current U.S. recovery remains uncertain. Growth is fragile; the situation on the labor market remains poor; and any improvement will depend on the strength of economic activity and the job content of the recovery. Historically, throughout the post-war period until the 1980s, a pickup in economic activity was followed by a strong rebound in the labor market; but the periods following the 1990 and 2001 recessions were especially weak in terms of job growth, raising the hypothesis of a long-term shift in the labor market's response to changes in economic activity.  The 2008-2009 recession differs from the previous two recessions by the extent of job losses; this argues for a strong rebound in the labor market during the subsequent recovery. An econometric analysis, however, seems to confirm the hypothesis of a structural shift in the response of employment to changes in GDP, as the current period look like previous &amp;quot;jobless&amp;quot; recoveries more than &amp;quot;classical&amp;quot; recoveries. The low level of hiring, even after job destructions ended-a characteristic of the post-1990 and 2001 recession recoveries-appears to confirm this diagnosis. The first explanation is the sharp decline in hours worked and the rise in involuntary part-time work during the recession, even if those factors are not specific to the current episode; companies can have their existing employees work more before hiring additional workers.  More fundamentally, weak job creations-to date and in the future-during a recovery appear to be linked to structural changes in the U.S. economy, which reduce the response of employment to GDP growth. A breakdown of employment trends by sector shows that every U.S. recession since 1945 has registered an acceleration in the decline in the share of manufacturing employment in total employment, notably due to high productivity in the manufacturing sector and the outsourcing of certain activities. This gradual deindustrialization has left the services sector-which has a slower response to changes in GDP-as the main source of job creation during recoveries.  Other factors specific to the current recession/recovery are probably also at work, e.g., especially strong uncertainty regarding the economic outlook and the magnitude of the housing crisis which, in addition to the job destructions it entails, also tends to reduce workers' mobility and thus aggravates the problem of matching worker skills to job vacancies." /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/1b8a69ee-3e3e-479f-aadf-fb0884fb66c3/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry><entry><id>41535c5a-4341-4a9c-8cbb-f89f5195dd83</id><title type="text">Trésor-Éco n° 51 - Concurrence et gains de productivité : analyse sectorielle dans les pays de l'OCDE</title><summary type="text">La concurrence sur les marchés des biens et services est souvent évoquée comme un facteur de croissance économique. Accroître la concurrence dans un secteur permettrait en effet d'augmenter l'activité et l'emploi en abaissant le prix de vente des produits mais aussi en améliorant la productivité du secteur, via l'innovation notamment.D'un point de vue théorique, l'effet de la concurrence sur la productivité est toutefois ambigu. La crainte de perdre des parts de marché et de disparaître doit certes inciter les entreprises à innover mais il est également possible que les firmes ne soient disposées à supporter les coûts de l'innovation qu'à la condition de bénéficier en retour de rentes suffisamment élevées.Les résultats économétriques obtenus à partir d'un échantillon de 11 pays de l'OCDE et d'une vingtaine de secteurs indiquent la présence d'une relation non linéaire entre concurrence et gains de productivité : la concurrence serait favorable aux gains de productivité jusqu'à un </summary><updated>2009-02-20T00:00:00+01:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2009/02/20/tresor-eco-n-51-concurrence-et-gains-de-productivite-analyse-sectorielle-dans-les-pays-de-l-ocde" /><content type="html">&lt;p&gt;La concurrence sur les march&amp;eacute;s des biens et services est souvent &amp;eacute;voqu&amp;eacute;e comme un facteur de croissance &amp;eacute;conomique. Accro&amp;icirc;tre la concurrence dans un secteur permettrait en effet d'augmenter l'activit&amp;eacute; et l'emploi en abaissant le prix de vente des produits mais aussi en am&amp;eacute;liorant la productivit&amp;eacute; du secteur, via l'innovation notamment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'un point de vue th&amp;eacute;orique, l'effet de la concurrence sur la productivit&amp;eacute; est toutefois ambigu. La crainte de perdre des parts de march&amp;eacute; et de dispara&amp;icirc;tre doit certes inciter les entreprises &amp;agrave; innover mais il est &amp;eacute;galement possible que les firmes ne soient dispos&amp;eacute;es &amp;agrave; supporter les co&amp;ucirc;ts de l'innovation qu'&amp;agrave; la condition de b&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;ficier en retour de rentes suffisamment &amp;eacute;lev&amp;eacute;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les r&amp;eacute;sultats &amp;eacute;conom&amp;eacute;triques obtenus &amp;agrave; partir d'un &amp;eacute;chantillon de 11 pays de l'OCDE et d'une vingtaine de secteurs indiquent la pr&amp;eacute;sence d'une relation non lin&amp;eacute;aire entre concurrence et gains de productivit&amp;eacute; : la concurrence serait favorable aux gains de productivit&amp;eacute; jusqu'&amp;agrave; un certain niveau mais d&amp;eacute;favorable au-del&amp;agrave;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cependant, le degr&amp;eacute; de concurrence n'a aucun effet significatif sur les gains de productivit&amp;eacute; lorsque l'&amp;eacute;chantillon d'analyse comprend uniquement les secteurs les plus concurrentiels. Ainsi un accroissement de la concurrence augmenterait la productivit&amp;eacute; dans les secteurs peu concurrentiels mais serait sans effet sur les secteurs les plus concurrentiels.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Par ailleurs, l'effet de la concurrence sur les gains de productivit&amp;eacute; diff&amp;egrave;re selon le type de secteur. Dans les secteurs manufacturiers, caract&amp;eacute;ris&amp;eacute;s en moyenne par une concurrence et des co&amp;ucirc;ts irr&amp;eacute;couvrables relativement &amp;eacute;lev&amp;eacute;s, une intensification de la concurrence conduirait &amp;agrave; un ralentissement des gains de productivit&amp;eacute;. En revanche, dans les services, o&amp;ugrave; les co&amp;ucirc;ts irr&amp;eacute;couvrables sont moins pr&amp;eacute;sents et la concurrence relativement faible en moyenne, un accroissement de la concurrence favoriserait toujours les gains de productivit&amp;eacute; (voir le graphique ci-contre).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img class="marge" title="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-&amp;Eacute;co n&amp;deg; 51" src="/Articles/41535c5a-4341-4a9c-8cbb-f89f5195dd83/images/22feedce-0fca-4b18-93af-0ad933328378" alt="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-&amp;Eacute;co n&amp;deg; 51" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/41535c5a-4341-4a9c-8cbb-f89f5195dd83/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry><entry><id>b5c6ce8d-8c15-40f9-b249-b037d7084895</id><title type="text">Trésor-Economics No. 51 - Competition and productivity gains: a sectoral analysis in the OECD countries</title><summary type="text">Competition in the markets for goods and services is frequently cited as a contributor to economic growth. That is because greater competition in a given sector is thought to boost activity and jobs by lowering the sale price of goods and raising that sector's productivity, particularly through innovation.From a theoretical standpoint, however, the impact of competition on productivity is less certain. Fears of losing market share and of not surviving certainly ought to incite firms to innovate, but it is also possible that firms would be unwilling to bear the costs of innovation unless they could reap sufficiently high rents in return.The econometric results obtained from a sample of 11 OECD countries and around twenty sectors indicate the existence of a non-linear relationship between competition and productivity gains: competition, would promotes productivity gains up to a certain point, but would inhibit them beyond that point.However, the degree of competition has no mater</summary><updated>2009-02-20T00:00:00+01:00</updated><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2009/02/20/tresor-economics-no-51-competition-and-productivity-gains-a-sectoral-analysis-in-the-oecd-countries" /><content type="html">&lt;p&gt;Competition in the markets for goods and services is frequently cited as a contributor to economic growth. That is because greater competition in a given sector is thought to boost activity and jobs by lowering the sale price of goods and raising that sector's productivity, particularly through innovation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From a theoretical standpoint, however, the impact of competition on productivity is less certain. Fears of losing market share and of not surviving certainly ought to incite firms to innovate, but it is also possible that firms would be unwilling to bear the costs of innovation unless they could reap sufficiently high rents in return.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The econometric results obtained from a sample of 11 OECD countries and around twenty sectors indicate the existence of a non-linear relationship between competition and productivity gains: competition, would promotes productivity gains up to a certain point, but would inhibit them beyond that point.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the degree of competition has no material impact on productivity gains when the survey sample contains only the most competitive sectors. Consequently, increased competition would boost productivity in uncompetitive sectors but would have little impact on the most competitive sectors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Moreover, the impact of competition on productivity gains differs according to the type of sector. In the manufacturing sectors, which are characterised on average by relatively high levels of competition and sunk costs, an intensification of competition would slow the pace of productivity gains. In services, on the other hand, where there are fewer instances of sunk costs and where competition is relatively weak on average, increased competition would always promote productivity gains (see chart below).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img class="marge" title="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-Economics No. 51" src="/Articles/b5c6ce8d-8c15-40f9-b249-b037d7084895/images/55ba1b04-9040-4a0f-abe5-6d569c4c25e2" alt="Tr&amp;eacute;sor-Economics No. 51" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><thumbnail url="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/b5c6ce8d-8c15-40f9-b249-b037d7084895/images/visuel" xmlns="media" /></entry></feed>